Mid-Florida Research and Education Center

Thrips parvispinus (Karny), an emerging invasive and regulated pest in the United States

Authors: Dr. Muhammad Z. Ahmed, Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida; Dr. Alexandra Revynthi, Tropical Research and Education Center, UF/IFAS, University of Florida, Homestead, FL; Dr. Cindy L. McKenzie, Subtropical Insects and Horticulture Research, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ft. Pierce, Florida; and Dr. Lance S. Osborne, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, UF/IFAS, University of Florida, Apopka, FL.

UPDATED: March 12, 2024

Thrips parvispinus (Karny) (Thripidae) Distribution Update: 10/27/2023

Thrips parvispinus is categorized as Quarantine significant by APHIS, and new state and territorial records have been positively confirmed by APHIS recently. T. parvispinus (Karny) (Thripidae) adult females were collected on peppers (Capsicum annum) on a farm in Corozal, Puerto Rico, and represented a new territorial record. T. parvispinus adult females were collected on Dipladenia, Mandevilla, and Gardenia jasminoides flowers at a garden center in Arvada (straddling Jefferson and Adams counties), Colorado. The plants originally came from South Florida and represent a new state record for Colorado. Adult females were collected from Gardenia jasminoides foliage and flowers at a Food Lion in Tifton, Georgia, representing a new state record. In North Carolina, adult female thrips were collected from two retail locations in Charlotte (Mecklenburg County), one from Gardenia jasminoides and the other location on both Gardenia jasminoides (flowers and foliage) and Dipladenia (flowers), and these collections represent new state records for North Carolina. In Lancaster, South Carolina, adult female thrips were collected from Gardenia jasminoides at a retail nursery, representing a new state record. Interceptions have been made in Ohio and Pennsylvania.

New posts in Resources section below including a post regarding a New Mailing List for this pest.
Some new information on chemical controls in the Control Options section below plus a short summary list.
University of Florida Extension Thrips parvispinus Webinar May 4, 2023 (link in Resources section).
tHRIve - WEB SERIES May 10, 2023. Thrips parvispinus: Identification, Scouting, and Potential Controls.
Pest Thrips of the United States: Field Identification Guide (link in Resources section).
Added a photo of T. parvispinus pupating in the soil.
Links to 2 websites and a new paper on Chemical Control added in the Resources Section at the bottom of this page (1/25/24).
There is also a link to a PowerPoint presentation (1/25/2024).
There is excellent content being presented on websites by Dr. Sarah Jandricic and Dr. Alexandra Revynthi (links in the Resources Section)

A close-up of a golden-brown thrips parvispinus on a green plant surface.

^{Photo: L.S. Osborne, UF/IFAS-MREC}

Adult female Thrips parvispinus feeding on eggplant. The males are smaller and yellow (see video)
Please use the following citation for this webpage:
Ahmed, M.Z., A.M. Revynthi, C.L. McKenzie, and L.S. Osborne. (2023). Thrips parvispinus (Karny), an emerging invasive regulated pest in the United States. [https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lsolab/thrips/thrips-parvispinus/]. [Date Accessed].
Thrips are small, slender insects belonging to the order Thysanoptera. They are typically about 1–4 mm long and range in color from yellow to brown or black. Thrips have worldwide distribution and are pests in various crops, including fruits, ornamentals, and vegetables.
They have distinctive wings that are long and narrow, with fringe-like edges. They use their wings to fly short distances and jump. Thrips feed by piercing the plant tissue and sucking the sap, which can cause damage to the plant and reduce its growth and yield.
Thrips can harm the crops indirectly by transmitting plant viruses. Some species of thrips, however, are predators and are used in biological control programs to manage pests.
Below there are 23 thrips species reported from ornamental plants in Florida, including 11 with dark bodies, five with light to dark bodies, and seven with light-colored bodies.

Table 1 Thrips Reported in Ornamental Landscape in Florida

Scientific Name	Common Name	Length of Adult Female	Reported Pesticide Resistance	Field Coloration	Vector
Echinothrips americanus Morgan	poinsettia thrips*	1.6 mm	na	dark	na
Frankliniella fusca (Hinds)	tabacco thrips	1.0 to 1.5 mm	yes	dark	yes
Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal)	Cuban laurel thrips	2.6 to 3.6 mm	na	dark	na
Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman	weeping fig thrips*	2.5 to 3.6 mm	na	dark	na
Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouch)	greenhouse thrips	approximately 1.0 mm	na	dark	na
Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard)	redbanded thrips	approximately 1.2 mm	na	dark	na
Taeniothrips inconsequens (Uzel)	peat thrips	slightly less than 2 mm	na	dark	na
Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan)	Hawaiian flower thrips	approximately 1.5 mm	yes	dark	na
Thrips orientalis (Bagnall)	star jasmine thrips	approximately 1.5 mm	na	dark	na
Thrips parvispinus (Karny)	pepper thrips*	1.0 mm	yes	dark	na
Thrips simplex (Morison)	gladiolus thrips	approximately 1.6 mm	na	dark	yes
Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (Moulton)	Orchid thrips*	approximately 1.0 mm	yes	light to dark	na
Holopothrips tabebuia Cabrera & Segarra	tabebuia thrips*	1.5 to 2.2 mm	na	light to dark	na
Thrips florum Schmutz	Banana flower thrips*	1.0 to 1.5 mm	na	light to dark	na
Thrips tabaci Lindeman	onion thrips	1.1 to 1.2 mm	yes	light to dark	yes
Thrips simplex (Morison)	gladiolus thrips	1.7 mm	na	light to dark?	na
Frankliniella bispinosa Morgan	Florida flower thrips*	1.0 mm	na	light	yes
Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)	western flower thrips	1.5 mm	yes	light	yes
Frankliniella schultzei Trybom	common blossom thrips*	1.0 mm	na	light	yes
Frankliniella tritici (Fitch)	flower thrips	1.0 mm	yes	light	na
Scirtothrips citri (Moulton)	citrus thrips	0.6 to 0.9 mm	yes	light	yes
Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood	chili thrips	slightly less than 1.0 mm	yes	light	yes
Thrips palmi Karny	melon thrips	1.0 mm	yes	light	yes

Ahmed et al. (2023 (In Preparation). *common names not approved by Entomological Society of America

Thrips parvispinus (Karny) is in dark-colored thrips with a brown head, yellow thorax, and black abdomen.

Three views of Thrips parvispinus on a petal, including naked eye, 10x, and 20x magnifications. Transcribed Text: Naked Eye View; 10 X View; 20 X View; Thrips parvispinus Figure 2

In the following video, you can observe the females, with a dark mahogany-colored abdomen and light brown thorax (they are two-toned). There are also a few males, which are very much like chilli thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood) adults in appearance, being light tan to yellow. However, males of T. parvispinus are relatively small compared to chilli thrips.
Watch this video of thrips parvispinus attacking ornamentals and peppers in Florida.

Video: L.S. Osborne, UF/IFAS-MREC

^{Adult female feeding on a bean leaf.}

^{Photo: L.S. Osborne UF/IFAS-MREC}

Thrips parvispinus female is nearly 1 mm long, making it one of the smallest thrips in Florida.

Comparison of three types of thrips magnified next to a green leaf. Transcribed Text: chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis pepper thrips, Thrips parvispinus poinsettia thrips, Echinothrips americanus Figure 3 Comparison of Thrips parvispinus with two other common thrips found in ornamental landscape

Thrips parvispinus is native to the Asian tropics and has been reported being present in at least 17 countries [Burundi, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, La Reunion, Malaysia, Mauritius, Myanmar, the Netherlands, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Tanzania (Dar-el-Salam), Thailand, Uganda (Kampala), USA (Hawaii)] and intercepted in at least ten countries (Australia, France, Greece, New Guinea, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Spain, Switzerland, the UK) from five continents (Africa, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, and North America) in the last three decades (Ahmed et al. in preparation).

It is a polyphagous pest, reported feeding on at least 43 plant species from 19 families from different crop types, including fiber crops, fruits, legumes, ornamental plants, tobacco crops, and vegetables. This list is expected to grow (Ahmed et al. in preparation).

Thrips parvispinus completes a life cycle in 13–14 days on chili pepper under greenhouse conditions. Female thrips insert their eggs into the leaves, and larvae hatch after four to five days. The larvae feed on leaves and flowers while completing two molts in four to five days. Afterward, larvae become pupae and two to three days the adult emerges. Currently, we are uncertain what percentage of the population pupates in the soil but we feel some of the population does. According to Anthura, "These thrips are characterized by very entrenched behaviour. They prefer to hide in the young, rolled-up leaves, where they cause the most damage. Thrips’ pupation mainly takes place in the soil." Egg deposition takes place in the bract leaves, which can cause the characteristic small brown round spots on the flowers. These are especially visible on the light-colored varieties. Research is ongoing to clarify this aspect of their biology. The reproduction reported for this thrips is sexual. A female lays about 15 eggs and lives for nine days. Adult males live approximately six days. Diagram of the Thrips parvispinus life cycle, depicting stages from egg to adult over 13-14 days. Transcribed Text: Egg in plant tissues Egg 1st Instar 2nd Instar Life Cycle of Thrips parvispinus 13–14 days Figure 4 ≈ 15 eggs Adult male ≈ 6 days Adult female ≈ 9 days Pupa Prepupa Stages in soil 2–3 days Thrips parvispinus prepupa in soil.

Close-up of a small yellow insect on a fibrous surface.
Immature thrips parvispinus on a textured green bean. In the photo above, you can see the damage caused by a number of larvae.Adult and immature of this species feed on leaves and flowers and damage may appear similar to broad mite damage and/or virus-infected plants. To be clear, Thrips parvispinus is not reported to transmit any viruses. To distinguish thrips damage from the broad mite damage, look for the presence of silver scars in all the foliage, specifically on the fully developed leaves. Broad mite damage is only concentrated on the new growth where the mites feed.

. Damage symptoms of Thrips parvispinus on plants: distorted leaves curling upward and downward, a misshapen pepper fruit with scars, and a scarred red impatiens flower. Transcribed Text: A. Distorted Leaves Curling Upwards Curling Downwards Scarred/Stippled/Silver-flecked Appearance Gardenia Pepper B. Misshapen & Scarred Fruits Pepper C. Scars on Flowers Impatiens Figure 5 Damage Symptoms of Thrip Three images showing Thrips parvispinus damage on gardenia hedge: a full hedge view, healthy leaves close-up, and damaged leaves close-up. Transcribed Text: Figure 6 Damage of Thrips parvispinus in Gardenia Hedge Collage of three images showing a pepper field with rows of plants affected by thrips, including close-ups of leaf damage. Transcribed Text: Figure 7 Damage of Thrips parvispinus in Pepper Field (Prebloom) Multiple images showing a pepper field, close-ups of pepper plant leaves and flowers, and a deformed pepper. Transcribed Text: Figure 8 Damage of Thrips parvispinus in Pepper Field.

Scouting should be conducted by beating foliage over a white clipboard, and the number of adult and immature thrips should be counted immediately.

Image with a hedge and a clipboard with a white paper on it and multiple small thrips bodies. Transcribed Text: Figure 9 Scouting of Thrips parvispinus by Beating Foliage over White Clip Board.

Here is the scouting sheet which could help see the size/appearance of T. parvispinus through naked eyes.Scouting Sheet for Thrips parvispinus to Use on a White Clip BoardEarly detection for ornamental plants should be conducted by searching and dissecting flowers for thrips.

Composite image showing Mandevilla plant, close-up of white and red flowers, and 10x magnified thrips in flower centers. Transcribed Text: No Parking Fire Lane 10 X View 10 X View Figure 10 No Damage Symptom but Thrips parvispinus hidden in Flowers Close-up of a plant with green leaves displaying light-colored speckled patches.

^{Photo: Alexandra M. Revynthi, UF/IFAS-TREC}

Damage (silver scars) caused on bell pepper plants from feeding of Thripsparvispinus adults and larvae.
Closeup view of damage to a pepper leaf.

^{Photo: L.S. Osborne, UF/IFAS-MREC}

Closeup view of a damaged pepper leaf.
Damage to new growth on pepper. ^Photo:

^{L.S. Osborne, UF/IFAS-MREC}

New growth damage.
Close-up of a heart-shaped green leaf in a brown pot with visible veins and glossy texture.

^{Photo: L.S. Osborne, UF/IFAS-MREC}

Damage to an anthurium leaf.
Close-up of plant leaves and stem, with one leaf showing signs of damage and decay.

^{Photo: Lyle Buss, University of Florida}

Damaged gardenia terminal.
Close-up of green and yellow leaves with damage on them

^{Photo: Lyle Buss, University of Florida}

Damaged gardenia terminal.

Table 3 Reported Host Plants of Thrips parvispinus

Genus	Species	Common Name	Family	Category
Allium	ascalonicum	shallots	Amaryllidaceae	vegetable
Anthurium	sp.	laceleaf	Solanaceae	ornamental plant
Brugmansia	sp.	angel's trumpets	Solanaceae	ornamental plant
Capsicum	frutescens	hot pepper	Solanaceae	vegetable
Capsicum	annuum	chili pepper	Solanaceae	vegetable
Capsicum	sp.	pepper	Solanaceae	vegetable
Carica	papaya	papaya	Caricaceae	fruit
Chrysanthemum	sp.	mums	Asteraceae	ornamental plant
Citrullus	sp.	na	Cucurbitaceae	fruit
Citrullus	lanatus	watermelon	Cucurbitaceae	fruit
Citrus	sp.	citrus	Rutaceae	fruit
Coccoloba	uvifera	seagrape	Polygonaceae	ornamental shrub
sp.	melons	Cucurbitaceae	fruit
Cucumis	sp.	cucumber	Cucurbitaceae	vegetable
Dahlia	x ananassa	dahlia	Asteraceae	ornamental plant
Dipladenia	sp.	rocktrumpet	Apocynaceae	ornamental plant
Fragaria	sp.	strawberry	Rosaceae	fruit
Gardenia	sp.	gardenia	Rubiaceae	ornamental plant
Gossypium	sp.	cotton	Malvaceae	fiber crop
Heliconia	sp	heliconia	Heliconiaceae	ornamental plant
Hibiscus	rosa	hibiscus	Malvaceae	ornamental plant
Hoya	sp.	hoya	Apocynaceae	ornamental plant
Ixora	sp.	ixora	Rubiaceae	ornamental plant
Ficus	sp.	ficus	Moraceae	ornamental plant
Mandevilla	sp.	rocktrumpet	Apocynaceae	ornamental plant
Mangifera	indica	mango	Anacardiaceae	fruit
Momordica	charantia	momordica	Cucurbitaceae	vegetable
Nicotiana	tabacum	tobacco	Solanaceae	tobacco crop
Phaseolus	sp.	beans	Fabaceae	legumes
Phaseolus	vulgaris	common beans	Fabaceae	legumes
Plectranthus	sp.	spurflowers	Lamiaceae	ornamental plant
Rosa	sp.	rose	Rosaceae	ornamental plant
Ruellia	sp.	ruellias	Acanthaceae	ornamental plant
Schefflera	arboricola	schefflera	Araliaceae	ornamental plant
Solanum	aethiopicum	bitter tomato	Solanaceae	vegetable
Solanum	tuberosum	potato	Solanaceae	vegetable
Solanum	melongena	eggplant	Solanaceae	vegetable
Tagetes	sp.	marigolds	Asteraceae	ornamental plant
Tamarindus	indica	tamarindus	Fabaceae	legume tree
Vigna	sp.	peas or beans	Fabaceae	legumes
Vigna	unguiculata	peas	Fabaceae	legumes
Vinca	sp.	na	Apocynaceae	ornamental plant
Wrightia	sp.	na	Apocynaceae	ornamental plant

Resources
Early detection for ornamental plants should be conducted by search and dissecting flowers for thrips.

Scouting Sheet for Thrips parvispinus to Use on a White Clip Board

Contact Detail for Sampling & Identification
- After using the field guide, if you believe you have Thrips parvispinus, please send us a sample for its positive identification and molecular analysis. We can send you sampling protocols and kits if needed. Please label each sample with its location (state and county), host plant and date of collection. As this invasive pest’s geographical distribution expands, we expect its host range to grow as well.
- For information about how to collect thrips samples and preserve them for evaluation and directions for scheduling shipments, you can contact: Dr. Cindy McKenzie, Research Entomologist, USDA, ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory 2001 South Rock Road Fort Pierce, FL 34945, Phone: 772-462-5917, Email: Cindy.Mckenzie@usda.gov
- For information regarding its field guide, scouting information, and tentative field diagnostics, you can contact Dr. Muhammad Ahmed, Research Entomologist, USDA, ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory 2001 South Rock Road Fort Pierce, FL 34945, Phone: 352-283-0173, Email: Muhammad.Ahmed@usda.gov
- PowerPoint and PDF files to supplement the information presented in this website.
  - PowerPoint: https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/PowerPoints/Parvispinus-powerpoint-3-16-2023.pptx
  - PDF: https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/PowerPoints/Parvispinus-powerpoint-3-16-2023.pdf
  - NEW Tri-Sate Greenhouse IPM Workshop LINK 1/25/2024
- Florida Commercial Vegetable Production Website which includes the Pest and Disease Hotline: https://commercialveg.ifas.ufl.edu/
- Tropical Research & Education Center Thrips parvispinus Resources by Alexandra Revynthi, UF/IFAS/TREC
- Tropical Thrips Species Intercepted on Plant Material in Ontario
- New thrips, new problems. Thrips parvispinus intercepted in Ontario
- The Importance of Inspecting Plants and Dipping Cuttings from Florida by Sarah Jandricic ONfloriculture
- Thrips parvispinus Webinar May 4, 2023. Here is the link to the recorded webinar.
- May 10, 2023. Thrips parvispinus: Identification, Scouting, and Potential Controls (tHRIve web series).
- May 30, 2023. Potential Solutions for Thrips parvispinus.
- https://firstdetector.org/sites/firstdetector.org/files/pdf/chili_thrips_deck.pdf
- Efficacy of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides against the Invasive Pest Thrips parvispinus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under Containment Conditions, January 2024
- https://onfloriculture.com/category/insect-pests/thrips-parvispinus/ Dr. Sarah Jandricic
- https://trec.ifas.ufl.edu/people/alexandra-revynthi/thrips-parvispinus/ Dr. Alexandra Revynthi
- Chilli Thrips website
- EMAIL L.S. Osborne for access to PDF files and PowerPoint presentations (LSOSBORN@UFL.EDU)

Control Options
Some compounds have an impact on thrips but do not kill them immediately.  Mainspring is one such compound.  This compound results in susceptible insects not being able to feed and thus they die from dehydration or starvation, but this mortality can take days to be noticeable.  Other materials may also take days to kill sensitive insects. Therefore, we recommend evaluating materials for efficacy in your crop at day 7 post-treatment.

Recent data by Dr. Alexandra Revynthi suggest that Mainspring and Acephate might not kill the thrips within the period of evaluation, i.e., 48h, but they did prevent significant feeding damage by the thrips after being exposed to either compound (Tropical Research & Education Center Thrips parvispinus Resources).

The list below was developed from efficacy trials for other thrips species, some trials conducted on papaya in the field and on beans targeting T. parvispinus in UF/IFAS lab trials by Dr. Revynthi.”

PESTICIDES KNOWN TO HAVE SOME EFFICACY ON THRIPS PARVISPINUS

Group Product Active Ingredient

1B Acephate 97 UP          Acephate

1B DuraGuard ME                    Chlorpyrifos

5 Conserve SC     Spinosad

5 + 4C Xxpire                                    Sulfoxaflor + Spinetoram

6 Avid, Timectin                     Abamectin

13 Pylon                                      Chlorfenapyr

21A   Hachi-Hachi                Tolfenpyrad

28 Mainspring GNL Cyantraniliprole

Each compound could have label requirements that might preclude their use on your crop or applying at your site (greenhouse vs. landscape) or even the frequency/number of applications per season. Please read the label or contract and Extension Professional in your state. Secondly, some growers are reporting increased efficacy when using certain adjuvants or tank mixing with other compounds. Research is currently being planned to sort these details out as well as increase the number of materials known to have activity on Thrips parvispinus.

As we get data to support the use of additional materials we will add them to this list.

Summary
- The sky is not falling - effective treatments are available.
- Vegetable growers have more chemical options than Nursery and GH growers, landscaper and PCOs will have the most difficult time due to the limited options available.
- Scouting is key because this pest is easy to miss at low levels and reproduces VERY rapidly. By the time the plant flowers and the thrips become obvious, it may be too late to easily manage the problem.
- Detections made from a potted plant (like Home Depot) are considered interceptions and not an established pest. So if you are a homeowner and feel you have this pest in your yard, please send us a sample to verify. It's very important to document established populations.
- Don't ever return plant material to your nursery that has been sitting in a retail nursery. You have no idea what could have gotten on your plants while they were in someone else's care.
Please visit the links below to get some information on managing this pest and potentially useful pesticides registered for managing thrips.
- The follow are links to a PowerPoint containing additional information about Thrips parvispinus and a PDF file made from the PowerPoint.
https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/PowerPoints/Parvispinus-powerpoint-3-16-2023.pptx

https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lso/PowerPoints/Parvispinus-powerpoint-3-16-2023.pdf
- Tropical Research & Education Center Thrips parvispinus Resources

References
1. Ahmed, M.Z., A.M. Revynthi, C.L. McKenzie, and L.S. Osborne. (2023). Thrips parvispinus (Karny), an emerging invasive regulated pest in the United States.[https://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/lsolab/thrips/thrips-parvispinus/][Date Accessed: March 11, 2023].
2. Cristi Palmer and Ely Vea. 2022. IR-4 Environmental Horticulture Program. https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/ehc/RegSupport/ResearchSummary/ThripsEfficacy2022.pdf. [Date Accessed: March 11, 2023]
3. EMAIL L.S. Osborne for access to PDF files and PowerPoint presentations (LSOSBORN@UFL.EDU)

Acknowledgements and Contributors
Most of the images used in this webpage were taken and adapted by Muhammad Z. Ahmed. The permission was taken through emails by Muhammad Z. Ahmed for the images taken by other parties. Fig 1: Manfred Ulitzka (thrips-id) & Muhammad Z. Ahmed (USDA), Fig 2, 4–9, 11: Muhammad Z. Ahmed (USDA), Fig 3: Babu Panthi, (University of Florida), Felipe N. Soto-Adames (FDACS-DPI), Lance Osborne (University of Florida), Fig 10: Image credits were included in Ahmed et al. 2023 (In preparation).

We would also like to acknowledge Matthew Borden DPM from Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Charlotte, North Carolina. He was instrumental in making collections and contributing to our knowledge of where this pest had become established in the United States.

Research Supported by:
- USDA-ARS Floriculture and Nursery Research Initiative: “Evolving Integrated Management Plans for Major Arthropod Groups and New Invasive Pests of Ornamental and Floriculture Production”.
- FNGLA Endowed Research Fund: “Monitoring and Testing of Management Strategies for Thrips parvispinus (Karny) in Palm Beach County”
Site developed by:

Caroline Warwick and we thank her for all she has done. The Banner photo of the healthy anthuriums was provided by Caroline as well.

If you have comments about content or issues with the site please contract Lance Osborne.

Detection and Contact

This is an evolving website, and as more information on this new pest becomes available, it will be shared, including updates on biological control, host plants, identification sites, and more. If you have suspicion of a Thrips parvispinus infestation on your property, immediately contact your local UF/IFAS Extension Office.

Contact Detail for Sampling & Identification

After using the field guide, if you believe you have Thrips parvispinus, please send us a sample for its positive identification and molecular analysis. We can send you sampling protocols and kits if needed. Please label each sample with its location (state and county), host plant and date of collection. As this invasive pest’s geographical distribution expands, we expect its host range to grow as well.

For information about how to collect thrips samples and preserve them for evaluation and directions for scheduling shipments, you can contact: Dr. Cindy McKenzie, Research Entomologist, USDA, ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory 2001 South Rock Road Fort Pierce, FL 34945, Phone: 772-462-5917.

For information regarding its field guide, scouting information, and tentative field diagnostics, you can contact Dr. Muhammad Ahmed, Research Entomologist, USDA, ARS, US Horticultural Research Laboratory 2001 South Rock Road Fort Pierce, FL 34945, Phone: 352-283-0173.