Adult- Female fern scale armor is oystershell or pear shaped, flat, light brown with the crawler cast skin a paler brown. Sometimes the second stage armor is also paler than the adult armor. They are 1.5 to 2.5 mm long. The male armor is white felted, three-ridged, and the crawler cast skin is beige to yellowish brown. Adult males are tiny, two winged, gnatlike insects that are easily overlooked.

Egg- Eggs of armored scales are usually oval and about 0.2 mm long. They are laid in groups under the female armor.

Crawler- Fern scale crawlers are about 0.2 mm long, flat, and yellow with red eyes. The legs and antennae are well developed.

Nymph- Female second-stage nymphs secrete an oval, pale brown armor about 0.8 mm long. Male second stage nymphs secrete a white armor which has three long ridges. Mature male second stage nymphs are about 1 mm long.

Distribution- Fern scales are found on ferns in greenhouses and homes, and they are found outdoors on liriope in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont of the Southeast.

Host Plant- Fern scales mainly infest true ferns (not asparagus ferns) and liriope. This pest has been recorded from numerous foliage plants, citrus, and other woody ornamental trees and shrubs in Florida.

Damage- Infested ferns are disfigured by the presence of male second stage armor which is conspicuous against the dark green foliage. Ferns in commercial production sometimes tolerate a tremendous scale population with little noticeable reduction in vigor or color. Feeding by female scales causes yellow spots on some fern varieties and on liriope. Males do not feed beyond the second stage of development.

Life History- Little is known about the biology of fern scales specifically. Female scales lay their eggs under the armor. The female dies after the last egg is laid. Tiny crawlers hatch from the eggs and eventually emerge from under the mother's armor. The crawlers move about until they begin to feed by inserting their long, threadlike mouthparts into the leaf and sucking out nutrients. The insect molts into a second stage which begins to secrete a waxy material from under the rear of the first stage (crawler) cast skin. Eventually these insects molt into the adult stage. Female scales begin to secrete the adult armor at the rear of the second stage armor. Males emerge from their second stage armor as tiny, gnatlike insects that crawl or fly to female scales to mate. The armor remains fastened to the plant long after the scale insect leaves (male) or dies inside (female). When populations become dense, females tend to lay male eggs so that heavily infested plants become conspicuously spotted by second stage male armor.

Try to purchase plants from a supplier who does not have a fern scale infestation. When fern scales are encountered, horticultural oils give adequate control without excessive phytotoxicity to ferns. Two thorough treatments 2 weeks apart should give good control. Ferns are notoriously sensitive to pesticides. Whenever treating ferns and other sensitive plants, treat at a time that the pesticide will be dry on the foliage before the plants are exposed to full sunlight. For specific chemical control recommendations, see current Cooperative Extension publications on ornamental plant pest management or consult your county Extension agent.